REGIONAL HOUSING MARKETS:
A YEAR IN REVIEW AND A LOOK AHEAD
Gradual unwinding of the over-valuation in house prices across the country
Highlights
- As the year draws to a close, we conclude that the Canadian housing market put forth a respectable showing. Annual price gains are estimated at 7.5% in 2011 and sales’ growth ought to come
in positive as well, but at a much more modest pace of 2.2%. - Behind the headline figure, we have seen gains in prices and sales activity decelerate in recent months. Some of the underlying factors include tighter insured mortgage financing rules and weakened
confidence related to the stability of the economic recovery. Helping cushion the impact of these negative forces has been the persistence of low mortgage rates. - We believe that the average Canadian home price is over-valued by roughly 10%. Metrics like price to income, price to rent, and affordability all support this conclusion. We expect that the price excess will gradually unwind over the next two years in light of a softening in employment conditions in 2012 followed by higher interest rates in 2013.
- In contrast to the resale market, starts continue to come in well above expectations. The strength witnessed over the last few years has been driven exclusively by the multi-residential category. Consistent with weaker resale markets, we expect new starts to trend toward 170,000-180,000 units in the 2012-13 period.
- In addition to our national perspective, we provide an in-depth forecast of twelve major markets. While no urban centre will be immune to the macroeconomic and interest rate headwinds, Calgary and Edmonton are likely to do better than the rest. By contrast, a larger-than-average price and sales correction looks to be in store for both Toronto and Vancouver.
Homebuyers came out in the early part of 2011 to take advantage of record-low interest rates and to beat out changes to new insured mortgage financing rules. With Canadians bringing forward their purchases and national job gains tapering off since the autumn, the past few months have recorded more modest price and sales gains. In all, 2011 put forth a very respectable showing with price appreciation
clocking in at an estimated 7.5% and sales growth also positive, but at a more modest 2.2%. At around 190,000 units, housing starts also continued to come in above long-run averages.
Looking ahead, we anticipate a tug-of-war action to take hold in the Canadian real estate market. At one of the rope is the magnetism of low interest rates; at the other end are subdued prospects for economic, income and employment growth. Ultimately, we expect the economic side of the equation to win out over the near-term. In particular, the first half of 2012 is likely to be characterized by ongoing
confidence-sapping events in Europe, global financial turbulence and slowing world economic growth.
While housing activity is expected to do somewhat better in the second half of the year, as external clouds start to dissipate, rising Canadian interest rates in 2013 should erect the next road block in the way of housing markets. Overall, we expect sales to record annual average declines of 2.4% and 3.5% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Prices are poised to suffer a similar fate – annual average declines of 1.9% in 2012 and 3.6% in 2013. Starts should dip to an average 170,000 to 180,000 units in 2012-13. Collectively, these adjustments will gradually erase the over-valuation in the marketplace.
While no urban center will be immune from economic volatility and higher prevailing interest rates, some regions are expected to do better than others over the next two years. Among the twelve major markets profiled in this report, Calgary and Edmonton ought to lead the pack. Solid economic fundamentals and the absence of a recent
run-up in prices support our call. Toronto and Vancouver do not appear to be as lucky – we have them experiencing a greater-than-average correction in both sales and prices over the next two years.
Canada’s housing market defies the odds in 2011
In 2011, the national housing market turned in a respectable performance despite some notable hurdles. In the spring, the federal government responded to growing signs of excessive household indebtedness by announcing a further tightening in the rules surrounding insured mortgages.
In order to beat this announced change, we suspect that many homebuyers brought forward their purchases earlier in the year. In the summer, a combination of concerns about European sovereign debt, a U.S. government credit rating downgrade and worries about the global recovery led to increased uncertainty. Businesses have responded by reducing hiring in Canada since the autumn. Yet, home sales are headed for their seventh gain in ten years; prices are on tap to see their ninth gain in ten years. Still, a closer look at the data shows that activity in most of Canada’s major markets has moved past its peak and has since landed softly.
Average residential prices have also been skewed by outsized strength in Vancouver and to a lesser extent, Toronto. If we were to exclude these two major markets, the price and resale activity gains would be much more muted than the headline number would suggest.
In the new home market, starts have fallen from their peak levels of 229,000 recorded in 2007. But at an estimated 192,000 new starts in 2011, readings continue to remain well above demographic fundamentals, which we calculate to be 180,000 units. Similar to the resale side of the story, the national numbers have been skewed disproportionately by strong performances in large urban markets, notably Toronto. If we were to exclude Toronto from the national tally, total starts would have declined significantly in 2011.
Metrics point to over-valuation embedded in home
prices today
As we recast our focus on where the housing market is headed, there has been considerable attention given to the extent of over-valuation in Canadian home prices. There is no definitive measure that one can point to quantify the degree of excess (with absolute certainty) imbedded in average residential prices in Canada today. Each measure carries with it some underlying concern about the conclusions that can be made. For example, if we use the average price-torrent ratio as a benchmark, it would tell us that homes are
over-inflated by as much as 75% relative to the long-run average. However, the ratio inherently ignores the impact of changing mortgage rates, the presence of provincial rent control measures, and a potential divergence in quality between owned and rental accommodation.
Taking a look at just real home prices would lead to a conclusion that houses are priced more than 60% higher than the long-run average. Still, historical prices do not factor in key structural changes over time, such as lower trend mortgage rates, longer amortization periods, rising land values, transit development nearby, improved home quality and rising incomes. The price-to-income measure attempts to take income movements into consideration, but still does not capture some of the other factors previously presented. Based on this measure, prices are 44% over-valued. A more defensible measure assumes that total housing costs relative to income eventually revert back to a long term average. If we use this measure and assume a return to more normal levels of interest rates, the degree of overvaluation would be around 10-15%. Given the behavior of sales and price trends in recent years – one that does not share bubble-like characteristics such as those in the U.S. pre-2007 – we are comfortable with this estimate of national price over-valuation.
Less supportive factors on tap for housing
Modest economic, income and employment growth over
short-term
Real GDP growth in Canada is estimated at a solid 2.4% in 2011. However, storm clouds will increasingly hang over our small open economy during the first half of 2012. Much of the risk surrounds the European sovereign debt crisis and the failure of politicians to take decisive action so far to pour water over the flame. The base case scenario embedded in our forecast includes a recession within Europe, coming to a climax in early 2012 when borrowing pressures and requirements will be heightened. Financial market volatility and a
global economic slowdown will likely play out as a result. In this context and given our export-based economy, real GDP growth is projected to slow to a minimal 1% on average during the first half of 2012. With these headline numbers, the national unemployment rate is expected to increase from 7.3% to 7.7% by the middle of next year.
National employment growth is also poised to be sub-1.0%, on a quarterly basis, during the first half of the year, while gains in after-tax incomes will be significantly restrained.
Prices and sales tend to be negatively correlated with financial market volatility and job and economic uncertainty – a house is too big an asset for most families to jump into when job security is in question and financial portfolios are vulnerable to sizeable swings in total value. As a consequence, resale prices and sales are expected to decline during the first half of 2012, before the turbulence eases in the months thereafter. In our forecast, we make the explicit assumption that – faced with a mounting crisis – leaders in Europe ultimately take bold action to address the situation, thus delivering benefits to financial markets and economies around the world. As such, Canada’s economy and job market is likely to regain traction in the second half of 2012 and into 2013, with real GDP growth rebounding to above 2.0%.
At the regional level, we believe the resource-based provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador will continue to carry the best economic prospects over the 2012-13 period. The manufacturing-heavy regions of Ontario, Québec and Manitoba are expected to come in close to the national average. Last but not least, the Maritime provinces should see sub-par numbers over the next two years, with Nova Scotia being the as shipbuilding work gets underway.
Below is the full report:
Cat: Canada Real Estate
